{"id":4961,"date":"2025-05-06T14:41:43","date_gmt":"2025-05-06T11:41:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/?p=4961"},"modified":"2025-05-06T14:42:14","modified_gmt":"2025-05-06T11:42:14","slug":"faezeh-heidari-from-seizure-to-epilepsy-understanding-how-brain-behaves-in-epilepsy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/2025\/05\/06\/faezeh-heidari-from-seizure-to-epilepsy-understanding-how-brain-behaves-in-epilepsy\/","title":{"rendered":"Faezeh Heidari: From Seizure to epilepsy: Understanding how brain behaves in epilepsy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>But what exactly are seizures and epilepsy?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Seizures<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Seizures are <strong>sudden, temporary bursts of abnormal electrical activity<\/strong> in the brain that disrupt the normal communication between brain cells. These disruptions can lead to sudden changes in movement, sensation, behaviour, function, or awareness. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While every brain has the potential to experience a seizure, people with epilepsy have a lower seizure threshold, making them more prone to recurrent seizures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"414\" height=\"797\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2025\/05\/Picture2.jpg\" alt=\"Seizure: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment &amp; Types\" class=\"wp-image-4962\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2025\/05\/Picture2.jpg 414w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2025\/05\/Picture2-156x300.jpg 156w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><br>However, it&#8217;s important to note <strong><em>that <\/em><\/strong><em><strong>not everyone who has a seizure has epilepsy<\/strong><\/em><strong><em>.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"251\" height=\"251\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2025\/05\/Picture3.png\" alt=\"Difference Between Seizures and Epilepsy | Clinical Features, Types,  Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment\" class=\"wp-image-4963\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2025\/05\/Picture3.png 251w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2025\/05\/Picture3-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 251px) 100vw, 251px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Epilepsy<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Epilepsy is a neurological disorder and a spectrum condition that encompasses various types of seizures and epilepsy syndromes. Individuals with epilepsy are at an increased risk of experiencing recurrent seizures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The impact of epilepsy varies greatly from person to person and depends on factors such as:\u2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Type, frequency, severity, and duration of seizures<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The brain region where seizures originate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Underlying cause of the epilepsy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Response to anti-seizure medications, surgery, or neurostimulation treatments<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Presence of brain abnormalities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A person can experience a seizure due to an identifiable physical cause such as acute illness, trauma, fever, infection, stroke, or vascular malformation. These are known as <strong>provoked seizures<\/strong> and are <em>not<\/em> classified as epilepsy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Seizure and Epilepsy difination based on ILAE (International League Against Epilepsy)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In contrast, an <strong>epileptic seizure<\/strong> is defined as a transient episode of signs and\/or symptoms resulting from abnormal, excessive, or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain (ILAE, 2005).<br><strong>Epilepsy<\/strong> is a chronic brain disorder characterized by a lasting predisposition to generate epileptic seizures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Currently, epilepsy ranks as the fifth leading neurological cause of disability. It has a treatment gap of 50\u201375% in low- and middle-income countries, and in 2019, the global annual cost of care was estimated at approximately $120 billion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Demographics<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Epilepsy affects approximately <strong>70 million people worldwide<\/strong>, with <strong>2.4 million new cases<\/strong> diagnosed each year. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Up to <strong>70% of individuals<\/strong> with epilepsy could live <strong>seizure-free<\/strong> if properly diagnosed and treated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Risks and Challenges<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Increased risk of comorbidities<\/strong> and <strong>premature mortality<\/strong> (up to three times higher than the general population).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Stigma<\/strong> and <strong>discrimination<\/strong>, affecting quality of life.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Social and economic burdens<\/strong>, especially in low-resource settings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to the <strong>International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE)<\/strong> classification, epilepsy includes a wide range of seizure types and syndromes, each associated with different <strong>comorbidities<\/strong> and <strong>underlying etiologies<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"903\" height=\"630\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2025\/05\/Picture4.png\" alt=\"ILAE Epilepsy Classification\" class=\"wp-image-4964\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2025\/05\/Picture4.png 903w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2025\/05\/Picture4-300x209.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2025\/05\/Picture4-768x536.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 903px) 100vw, 903px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>ILAE Classification<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>We also classify epilepsy based on how and where seizures begin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Focal onset epilepsy<\/strong> starts in a specific area of the brain. Symptoms can range from mild to severe depending on how the abnormal electrical activity spreads.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Generalized epilepsy<\/strong> involves both sides of the brain from the start, but some generalized seizures may begin as focal and then spread bilaterally.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"770\" height=\"526\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2025\/05\/Picture5.png\" alt=\"A diagram of a brain\n\nAI-generated content may be incorrect.\" class=\"wp-image-4965\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2025\/05\/Picture5.png 770w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2025\/05\/Picture5-300x205.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2025\/05\/Picture5-768x525.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The focus of my research project is focal epilepsy and its underlying brain mechanisms, which involves seizures arising from localized regions within the brain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"903\" height=\"539\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2025\/05\/Picture6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4966\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2025\/05\/Picture6.png 903w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2025\/05\/Picture6-300x179.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2025\/05\/Picture6-768x458.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 903px) 100vw, 903px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite the availability of <strong>over 20 types of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs)<\/strong>, approximately <strong>30% of patients<\/strong> do not achieve seizure control. These cases are classified as <strong>Drug-Resistant Epilepsy (DRE)<\/strong>. Also referred to as <strong>refractory, intractable<\/strong>, or <strong>uncontrolled epilepsy<\/strong> defined as the failure of at least <strong>two adequate trials of anti-seizure medications<\/strong> to achieve sustained seizure freedom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Treatment Options and Outcomes<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Surgical resection<\/strong> of the <strong>epileptogenic zone (EZ)<\/strong> is a key option, but only <strong>50\u201370%<\/strong> of operated patients achieve <strong>long-term seizure freedom<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Reliable localization of the EZ<\/strong> increases the chance of becoming seizure-free by up to <strong>2.5 times<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Presurgical Evaluation Methods<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Seizure semiology<\/strong> (clinical observation of seizure behavior)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Electroencephalography (EEG)<\/strong>, including <strong>intracranial EEG (iEEG)<\/strong> and <strong>video-EEG monitoring<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Neuropsychological assessments<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Multimodal imaging techniques<\/strong> (e.g., MRI, PET, SPECT)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>For <strong>drug-resistant and non-localizable cases<\/strong>, or when surgery fails, <strong>neuromodulation therapies<\/strong> such as <strong>deep brain stimulation (DBS)<\/strong> and <strong>vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)<\/strong> are considered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epilepsy.com\/what-is-epilepsy\/understanding-seizures\">https:\/\/www.epilepsy.com\/what-is-epilepsy\/understanding-seizures<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cho and Jang, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-56958-y\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-56958-y<\/a>\u200b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/uefconnect.uef.fi\/en\/person\/faezeh.heidari\/\">Faezeh Heidari<\/a> works as a doctoral researcher in the Neuro-Innovation PhD Programme. Her research focuses on enhancing the identification of the epileptogenic zone.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>But what exactly are seizures and epilepsy? Seizures Seizures are sudden, temporary bursts of abnormal electrical activity in the brain that disrupt the normal communication between brain cells. These disruptions can lead to sudden changes in movement, sensation, behaviour, function, or awareness. While every brain has the potential to experience a seizure, people with epilepsy [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":860,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50,1],"tags":[73],"class_list":["post-4961","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog","category-uncategorized","tag-epilepsy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Faezeh Heidari: From Seizure to epilepsy: Understanding how brain behaves in epilepsy - MSCA Horizon 2020 Neuro-Innovation PhD programme<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/neuro-innovation\/2025\/05\/06\/faezeh-heidari-from-seizure-to-epilepsy-understanding-how-brain-behaves-in-epilepsy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Faezeh Heidari: From Seizure to epilepsy: Understanding how brain behaves in epilepsy - MSCA Horizon 2020 Neuro-Innovation PhD programme\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"But what exactly are seizures and epilepsy? 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Seizures Seizures are sudden, temporary bursts of abnormal electrical activity in the brain that disrupt the normal communication between brain cells. These disruptions can lead to sudden changes in movement, sensation, behaviour, function, or awareness. 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