{"id":100,"date":"2021-07-06T13:26:52","date_gmt":"2021-07-06T10:26:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/?page_id=100"},"modified":"2026-06-02T13:06:14","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T10:06:14","slug":"collecting-and-using-data","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/collecting-and-using-data\/","title":{"rendered":"2. Collecting and using data"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The collection and use of research data during research often involves interplay between research methods, research questions and data management practices. In this chapter, we examine different types of data, their quality and origins, as well as research ethics and legislation from the perspective of data management.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Particular attention is given to personal and sensitive data, as their processing requires special care. Even if the research does not explicitly involve human participants or data collected directly from individuals, it is still important to consider whether personal data may be involved. For instance, data related to inanimate objects, substances, animals, celestial bodies, or weather phenomena may still include information about the individuals observing them or may otherwise be linked to identifiable people&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Understanding what constitutes personal data and how it should be processed is thus essential across all fields. For this reason, these topics are emphasized as fundamental knowledge in this learning material.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_15aab9f82c60051957c7369281b0696b\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-8683\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-8683\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTypes of data and data quality\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-8683\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-8683\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The types of data collected for a study are primarily determined by the research questions. Data may consist of, for example, images, interviews, statistical datasets, audio recordings, or numerical measurements. In addition, the nature of the data influences how it can be generated and processed.<\/p>\n<p>For instance, interview data typically involve personal data, which means that particular care must be taken when selecting devices and software for data collection and handling. Conversely, data produced by measurement instruments may be large in volume, placing specific demands on storage capacity and data-sharing solutions. It is therefore important to consider in advance which file formats and software are most appropriate for different types of research data and research settings. These choices are also shaped by discipline-specific practices.<\/p>\n<p>In the context of data management, data quality primarily refers to ensuring that data are not accidentally modified, damaged, or lost. Researchers must identify situations and processing steps where the content of the data could be unintentionally altered. Such risks may arise, for example, during file format conversions or when transcribing interviews. Ensuring data quality is therefore closely linked to effective risk management, <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157114726 BCX8\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal (Web)\">supported by systema<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157114726 BCX8\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal (Web)\">tic backup and versioning.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Assessing the quality of data collection is inherently connected to research methods, but it also relates to data management practices. Measures that support quality during data collection include calibrating instruments, taking repeated measurements, and using standardised methods and protocols. In addition, thorough and accurate documentation of the data collection process is a key indicator of high-quality data.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_ac5b958dedf8dcdc3e6617b29fdc68aa\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-2390\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-2390\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tData origin: new, pre-existing, produced\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-2390\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-2390\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">Research data can be classified based on how they are obtained. Data may be collected specifically for a given study (e.g. samples, surveys, measurements, or imaging), drawn from pre-existing sources and reused (e.g. text corpora, image repositories, biobanks, or registers), or produced during the research process (e.g. data generated through analysis or software development). <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The origin of the data is important because it determines what can be done with the data and who has the authority to make those decisions. When researchers collect data themselves, they can define the terms of use within the limits set by legislation and contractual agreements. When using pre-existing data, however, the researcher must carefully consider the applicable terms of use. For open-access data, these are typically defined through licences, such as Creative Commons (CC) licences. These terms are discussed in more detail in <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/sharing-research-data\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chapter 5<\/a>.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Existing data can also be reused when collecting research materials. Data reuse refers to using already available data for new purposes, such as research, teaching, studying, or commercial applications. Such data can be found in data repositories and search services (see, for example, the sections <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uef.fi\/en\/open-research-data#accordion-14946\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Research data services<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uef.fi\/en\/open-research-data#accordion-14950\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Reuse of open research data<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> in the UEF Open science website).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">Reusing data can save both time and resources, as it reduces the need to collect data from scratch. This option is worth considering whenever suitable data are available. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">When reusing pre-existing data, it is essential to cite them in the same way as books or scientific articles. A proper <strong>data citation<\/strong> should include the following elements: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">creator<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">title<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">host institution (repository or archive)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">publication date or time<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">persistent identifier.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><strong>Additional<\/strong> useful elements may include:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">version<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">resource type<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">license<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ORCID (persistent identifier for researchers)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">possible embargo information<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Data repositories and archives often provide specific guidelines for citing datasets. In addition, publishers may have their own requirements for referencing data in academic publications.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"699\" height=\"476\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/06\/DatataulukkoRDMkurssi.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3136\" style=\"width:421px;height:259px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/06\/DatataulukkoRDMkurssi.png 699w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/06\/DatataulukkoRDMkurssi-300x204.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 699px) 100vw, 699px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Examples of different types of data and formats.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_e70902009707debe1af48e9703df3db8\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-1654\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-1654\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tResearch ethics and data management\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-1654\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-1654\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Although commonly associated only with research involving personal data, research ethics is relevant to all scientific research. Of course, if the research material contains personal data or information, e.g. on endangered animals, national defence or trade secrets (sensitive\/confidential information), research ethics and legislation must be borne in mind from the very beginning of the research and its design.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">It is important that the researcher identifies any ethical, contractual, and juridical aspects and restrictions related to the research data and addresses them throughout the data management process. It is primarily the responsibility of each researcher to implement good scientific practice in their own work, but they are not alone. The responsibility is carried by the entire scientific community, including research teams and their responsible researchers, as well as research organisations and their management.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In the context of research ethics, we often talk about research integrity. It is based on the principles of reliability, integrity, respect, and responsibility. Research integrity guides our actions at the different stages of research. In Finland, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/tenk.fi\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity (TENK)<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> provides guidance on matters concerning research ethics in its <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/tenk.fi\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-11\/RI_Guidelines_2023.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">guidelines for research integrity<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, which state the following about good research practices in data management: All partners<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"20\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">agree in advance about the ownership of the research data and about the rights to its use, its processing, storage and possible reuse<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"20\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">if necessary, revisit the agreements later during the course of the research, for potential amendments<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"20\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">comply with current data protection legislation and obligations related to non-disclosure, confidentiality and secrecy<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"20\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">promote to openness and further use of the data to the extent possible.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/08\/light-bulb-g9f137c171_1280-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1377\" style=\"width:89px;height:auto\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-left\">To consider<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Are you processing personal data in your research? <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What kind of personal data do you process?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What happens to the personal data after the research project?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do you need to anonymize or pseudonymize the data?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2021\/08\/fingerprint-pixabay_cc0-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-676\" style=\"width:158px;height:198px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2021\/08\/fingerprint-pixabay_cc0-1.jpg 512w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2021\/08\/fingerprint-pixabay_cc0-1-240x300.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_c6e16e6cfa65fdd943c3dbac26d68dcf\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-9019\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-9019\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPersonal data\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-9019\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-9019\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Personal data can be used for scientific research when the use is appropriate, planned and justified, and when there is a legal basis for processing the personal data. When collecting data on individuals for research purposes, all ethical and legal guidelines for the research in question must be followed. This must be borne in mind throughout the life cycle of the research, from design to implementation and post-research storage. As a general rule, application of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/gdpr.eu\/what-is-gdpr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, should always be considered, unless you are absolutely sure that there is no human-related information in the research data.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Personal data is any information relating to an <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">identified or identifiable natural person<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">direct identifiers<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> that alone are enough to identify a person (e.g. such as full name, social security number, email address containing the personal name, biometric identifiers such as facial image, voice patterns, fingerprints, iris, handwritten signature)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">strong indirect identifiers<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> with which a person can be identified with reasonable effort (e.g. postal address, phone number, IP-address, student number, insurance number, bank account number, exact annual income, vehicle registration number, unusual job title, rare disease)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">indirect identifiers<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, i.e. information which on their own are not enough to identify someone but when linked with other available information, could be used for deducing the identity of the person (e.g. sex, age, principal abode, profession, workplace, education, school, dates such as date of birth, death, accident).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">When processing personal data, it is important to identify information belonging to certain special category of personal data, known in everyday language as sensitive personal data. These include e.g. religious beliefs, health information, and trade union membership. It is also important to remember the difference between pseudonymous and anonymous research data, which are discussed in the next section (Processing personal data).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Watch the video<\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"embed-container\">\n    <iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"TENK: Ethical review in the human sciences in Finland\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/O2tfSV87x7s?feature=oembed&#038;controls=1&#038;hd=1&#038;autohide=1\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n\n\n<p>You may need an ethical review in the human sciences. This short video clip provides guidelines for ethical review in Finland. The video is produced by TENK, i.e., the Advisory Board on Research Ethics (2:30).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_3714450b181c7556a261d350950a7197\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-3669\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-3669\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tProcessing personal data\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-3669\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-3669\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In accordance with research ethical principles, the research subjects should be informed about what kind of data will be collected, how it is handled during the research and what will happen to the data after the research. It is therefore essential to plan the management of data during and after the research right from the outset. Research involving human subjects may also require<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uef.fi\/en\/research-ethics#accordion-2611\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">prior ethical review<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. As a general rule, personal data should be <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">minimized<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> when collecting research data. This means that only such personal data necessary for the research purpose should be collected.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Research organisations will instruct on the practices for handling personal data as required by the GDPR. For example, UEF Intranet provides <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/studentuef.sharepoint.com\/sites\/Law-procurement-and-information-management\/SitePages\/Personal-data-processing-in-scientific-research.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">guidelines and templates<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> for the processing of personal data in scientific research (requires UEF credentials). The templates will help you in preparing the necessary documents. These might include:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">privacy statement\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">participant information<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ethical consent to participate<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">consent to process personal data<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">an assessment of data protection risks or data protection impact assessment (check your own organisation&#8217;s instructions, processes, and templates)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In data management, special attention must be paid to <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">secure storing, processing, and transferring of data <\/span><\/b>(see <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/data-storing-during-and-after-the-research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chapter 4<\/a>)<span data-contrast=\"auto\">, so that only those who have justified reasons to access the data can access it. It is good to plan carefully how the research participants are informed about data processing and data management, for example, how date security is taken care of, how long the data is preserved, where will the data be shared for reuse and how.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">For research purposes data can be processed with identifiers, or as pseudonymous. <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Pseudonymization<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> means removing or replacing identifiers with pseudonyms or codes, which are kept separately. Pseudonymized data is still personal data.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Anonymization<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> means removing all identifiers permanently. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Several techniques and tools can be used in anonymisation.\u00a0 Anonymisation is necessary if the data is shared openly or stored for reuse purposes. It should be remembered that anonymisation as a procedure involves the processing of personal data, but the anonymised research data no longer contain personal data. At this point, it can be treated as any other data that does not contain personal information. However, it is important to remember that it may not be possible to produce completely anonymised data.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> Read more about <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fsd.uta.fi\/aineistonhallinta\/en\/anonymisation-and-identifiers.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">personal data and anonymization from FSD guidelines<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">For further information on processing personal data, see, e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/studentuef.sharepoint.com\/sites\/Law-procurement-and-information-management\/SitePages\/Personal-data-processing-in-scientific-research.aspx\">Personal data processing in scientific research <\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in UEF Intranet (requires UEF login).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_025d40b0196219749dfaae86c5158a53\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-5507\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-5507\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFurther information\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-5507\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-5507\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tenk.fi\/en\">Finnish advisory board on research integrity <\/a>(TENK)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uef.fi\/en\/research-ethics\">UEF Research Ethics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/tietosuoja.fi\/en\/scientific-research-and-data-protection\">The Office of the Data Protection Ombudsman<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>(2024-06)<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/introduction-to-research-data-management\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1280\" class=\"wp-image-2715\" style=\"width: 20px\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/05\/app-1646214_1280-e1716882091700.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/05\/app-1646214_1280-e1716882091700.png 1280w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/05\/app-1646214_1280-e1716882091700-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/05\/app-1646214_1280-e1716882091700-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/05\/app-1646214_1280-e1716882091700-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/05\/app-1646214_1280-e1716882091700-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/a><sub><strong>Previous: 1. Introduction to Research Management<\/strong><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\"><sub><strong>Next: 3. Describing research data (documentation, metadata)<\/strong><\/sub><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/documentation-and-metadata\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1280\" class=\"wp-image-2376\" style=\"width: 20px\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/09\/app-1646214_1280.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/09\/app-1646214_1280.png 1280w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/09\/app-1646214_1280-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/09\/app-1646214_1280-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/09\/app-1646214_1280-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/09\/app-1646214_1280-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The collection and use of research data during research often involves interplay between research methods, research questions and data management practices. In this chapter, we examine different types of data, their quality and origins, as well as research ethics and legislation from the perspective of data management.&nbsp; Particular attention is given to personal and sensitive [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":625,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-100","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>2. Collecting and using data - Basics of Research Data Management<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/collecting-and-using-data\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"2. Collecting and using data - Basics of Research Data Management\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The collection and use of research data during research often involves interplay between research methods, research questions and data management practices. In this chapter, we examine different types of data, their quality and origins, as well as research ethics and legislation from the perspective of data management.&nbsp; Particular attention is given to personal and sensitive [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/collecting-and-using-data\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Basics of Research Data Management\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-06-02T10:06:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/06\/DatataulukkoRDMkurssi.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"699\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"476\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sites.uef.fi\\\/rdm\\\/collecting-and-using-data\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sites.uef.fi\\\/rdm\\\/collecting-and-using-data\\\/\",\"name\":\"2. Collecting and using data - Basics of Research Data Management\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sites.uef.fi\\\/rdm\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sites.uef.fi\\\/rdm\\\/collecting-and-using-data\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sites.uef.fi\\\/rdm\\\/collecting-and-using-data\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sites.uef.fi\\\/rdm\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/323\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/DatataulukkoRDMkurssi.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-07-06T10:26:52+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-06-02T10:06:14+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sites.uef.fi\\\/rdm\\\/collecting-and-using-data\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sites.uef.fi\\\/rdm\\\/collecting-and-using-data\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sites.uef.fi\\\/rdm\\\/collecting-and-using-data\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sites.uef.fi\\\/rdm\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/323\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/DatataulukkoRDMkurssi.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sites.uef.fi\\\/rdm\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/323\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/DatataulukkoRDMkurssi.png\",\"width\":699,\"height\":476},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sites.uef.fi\\\/rdm\\\/collecting-and-using-data\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sites.uef.fi\\\/rdm\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"2. Collecting and using data\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sites.uef.fi\\\/rdm\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sites.uef.fi\\\/rdm\\\/\",\"name\":\"Basics of Research Data Management\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sites.uef.fi\\\/rdm\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"2. Collecting and using data - Basics of Research Data Management","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/collecting-and-using-data\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"2. Collecting and using data - Basics of Research Data Management","og_description":"The collection and use of research data during research often involves interplay between research methods, research questions and data management practices. In this chapter, we examine different types of data, their quality and origins, as well as research ethics and legislation from the perspective of data management.&nbsp; Particular attention is given to personal and sensitive [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/collecting-and-using-data\/","og_site_name":"Basics of Research Data Management","article_modified_time":"2026-06-02T10:06:14+00:00","og_image":[{"width":699,"height":476,"url":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/06\/DatataulukkoRDMkurssi.png","type":"image\/png"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/collecting-and-using-data\/","url":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/collecting-and-using-data\/","name":"2. Collecting and using data - Basics of Research Data Management","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/collecting-and-using-data\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/collecting-and-using-data\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/06\/DatataulukkoRDMkurssi.png","datePublished":"2021-07-06T10:26:52+00:00","dateModified":"2026-06-02T10:06:14+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/collecting-and-using-data\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/collecting-and-using-data\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/collecting-and-using-data\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/06\/DatataulukkoRDMkurssi.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/06\/DatataulukkoRDMkurssi.png","width":699,"height":476},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/collecting-and-using-data\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"2. Collecting and using data"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/#website","url":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/","name":"Basics of Research Data Management","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/100","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/625"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=100"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/100\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3927,"href":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/100\/revisions\/3927"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}