{"id":100,"date":"2021-07-06T13:26:52","date_gmt":"2021-07-06T10:26:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/?page_id=100"},"modified":"2025-07-30T13:48:48","modified_gmt":"2025-07-30T10:48:48","slug":"collecting-and-using-data","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/collecting-and-using-data\/","title":{"rendered":"2. Collecting and using data"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The collection and use of research data during research often combines research methods and questions with data management. In this chapter, we discuss the types, quality, and origins of data, as well as research ethics and legislation from the perspective of data management.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Personal information and sensitive data are given a lot of space in this chapter as their processing requires special attention. Even if the research does not involve human subjects or data is not collected directly from humans, it is always advisable to consider whether personal information is involved. For example, inanimate object, substances, animals, celestial bodies, and weather phenomena often contain information about their observers or can otherwise be linked to identifiable people. The concept of personal data and the processing of personal data are important general information in any area of life, and it is therefore reasonable to highlight them in this learning material.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_020e85081e21212f56349f6f003cc3bb\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-6890\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-6890\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTypes of data and data quality\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-6890\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-6890\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The types of data collected for the research are primarily determined by the research questions. The data can consist of, for example, images, interviews, statistical data, interview recordings or numerical measurements. Furthermore, the data types influence how the data can be produced and processed. For example, interview data involve the processing of personal data, so it is crucial to be especially careful about the devices and software used for collecting and handling the data. In turn, the size of the data generated by measuring devices may place special demands on storage space and sharing solutions. It is therefore necessary to consider in advance which file formats or programs are suitable for which research data and research setting. The choices are also influenced by discipline-specific practices.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In the context of data management, the quality of data is first and foremost related to the data not being accidentally altered, damaged, or destroyed. The researcher needs to identify any processing operations or situations where the data content could be inadvertently altered. These include, for example, conversions from one file format to another and interview transcription. Ensuring data quality is therefore an exercise in risk management.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Reflecting on the quality of data collection is intrinsically linked to research methods, but also partly to data management. Quality management measures in the data collection phase include the calibration of instruments, taking multiple measurements and using standardised methods and protocols. Accurate documentation of data collection is also an indicator of quality.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_ba59b28173290ad086016a6aad34e6e9\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-9694\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-9694\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tData origin: new, pre-existing, produced\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-9694\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-9694\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Research data can be classified according to whether the data are specifically collected for the research (e.g. samples, surveys, measurements, imaging), pre-existing data collected from original sources and reused (e.g. text corpora, image banks, biobanks, registers), or produced in the research (e.g. data produced through the analysis of collected data, software).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The origin of the data holds significance for what can be done with the data and who decides on the matter. If the researcher collects the data from the outset, they themselves can define the conditions of use within the limits of the law and the contracts concluded. In case the researcher makes use of pre-existing data, the conditions of use must be considered.\u00a0 The terms of use for open access data are usually defined by a licence (e.g. CC licence). The terms of use are further discussed in <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/sharing-research-data\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chapter 5<\/a>.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">When collecting the material, existing data can also be reused. Data reuse means the use of existing data for new purposes such as research, teaching, studying, or commercial purposes. The existing data can be searched from data repositories and search services (see, e.g. the sections <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uef.fi\/en\/open-research-data#accordion-14946\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Research data services<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uef.fi\/en\/open-research-data#accordion-14950\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Reuse of open research data<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> in the UEF Open science website).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Reusing data helps in saving time and money because you don\u2019t have to do everything related to data collection all the way from the beginning. This option is worth considering if there is useful and applicable data available.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">If you are planning to reuse pre-existing data, this research data must be cited just like books and scientific articles. <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The data reference<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> should consist of following elements:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">creator<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">title<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">host institution (repository\/archive)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">publication time and\/or date<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">persistent identifier.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Useful <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">additional<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> elements are:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">version<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">resource type<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">license<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ORCID (persistent identifier for researchers)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">possible embargo information<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Data repositories and archives usually have guidelines for data citation. In addition, publishers can have their own guidelines on how to refer to data in journals.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"699\" height=\"476\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/06\/DatataulukkoRDMkurssi.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3136\" style=\"width:421px;height:259px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/06\/DatataulukkoRDMkurssi.png 699w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/06\/DatataulukkoRDMkurssi-300x204.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 699px) 100vw, 699px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Examples of different types of data and formats.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_e70902009707debe1af48e9703df3db8\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-9449\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-9449\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tResearch ethics and data management\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-9449\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-9449\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Although commonly associated only with research involving personal data, research ethics is relevant to all scientific research. Of course, if the research material contains personal data or information, e.g. on endangered animals, national defence or trade secrets (sensitive\/confidential information), research ethics and legislation must be borne in mind from the very beginning of the research and its design.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">It is important that the researcher identifies any ethical, contractual, and juridical aspects and restrictions related to the research data and addresses them throughout the data management process. It is primarily the responsibility of each researcher to implement good scientific practice in their own work, but they are not alone. The responsibility is carried by the entire scientific community, including research teams and their responsible researchers, as well as research organisations and their management.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In the context of research ethics, we often talk about research integrity. It is based on the principles of reliability, integrity, respect, and responsibility. Research integrity guides our actions at the different stages of research. In Finland, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/tenk.fi\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity (TENK)<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> provides guidance on matters concerning research ethics in its <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/tenk.fi\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-11\/RI_Guidelines_2023.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">guidelines for research integrity<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, which state the following about good research practices in data management: All partners<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"20\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">agree in advance about the ownership of the research data and about the rights to its use, its processing, storage and possible reuse<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"20\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">if necessary, revisit the agreements later during the course of the research, for potential amendments<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"20\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">comply with current data protection legislation and obligations related to non-disclosure, confidentiality and secrecy<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"20\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">promote to openness and further use of the data to the extent possible.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/08\/light-bulb-g9f137c171_1280-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1377\" style=\"width:89px;height:auto\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-left\">To consider<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Are you processing personal data in your research? <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What kind of personal data do you process?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What happens to the personal data after the research project?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do you need to anonymize or pseudonymize the data?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2021\/08\/fingerprint-pixabay_cc0-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-676\" style=\"width:158px;height:198px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2021\/08\/fingerprint-pixabay_cc0-1.jpg 512w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2021\/08\/fingerprint-pixabay_cc0-1-240x300.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_c6e16e6cfa65fdd943c3dbac26d68dcf\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-3124\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-3124\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPersonal data\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-3124\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-3124\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Personal data can be used for scientific research when the use is appropriate, planned and justified, and when there is a legal basis for processing the personal data. When collecting data on individuals for research purposes, all ethical and legal guidelines for the research in question must be followed. This must be borne in mind throughout the life cycle of the research, from design to implementation and post-research storage. As a general rule, application of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/gdpr.eu\/what-is-gdpr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, should always be considered, unless you are absolutely sure that there is no human-related information in the research data.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Personal data is any information relating to an <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">identified or identifiable natural person<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">direct identifiers<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> that alone are enough to identify a person (e.g. such as full name, social security number, email address containing the personal name, biometric identifiers such as facial image, voice patterns, fingerprints, iris, handwritten signature)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">strong indirect identifiers<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> with which a person can be identified with reasonable effort (e.g. postal address, phone number, IP-address, student number, insurance number, bank account number, exact annual income, vehicle registration number, unusual job title, rare disease)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">indirect identifiers<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, i.e. information which on their own are not enough to identify someone but when linked with other available information, could be used for deducing the identity of the person (e.g. sex, age, principal abode, profession, workplace, education, school, dates such as date of birth, death, accident).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">When processing personal data, it is important to identify information belonging to certain special category of personal data, known in everyday language as sensitive personal data. These include e.g. religious beliefs, health information, and trade union membership. It is also important to remember the difference between pseudonymous and anonymous research data, which are discussed in the next section (Processing personal data).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Watch the video<\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"embed-container\">\n    <iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"TENK: Ethical review in the human sciences in Finland\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/O2tfSV87x7s?feature=oembed&#038;controls=1&#038;hd=1&#038;autohide=1\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n\n\n<p>You may need an ethical review in the human sciences. This short video clip provides guidelines for ethical review in Finland. The video is produced by TENK, i.e., the Advisory Board on Research Ethics (2:30).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_7965605e75c4f814df21a9eb1cdf9496\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-5359\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-5359\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tProcessing personal data\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-5359\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-5359\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In accordance with research ethical principles, the research subjects should be informed about what kind of data will be collected, how it is handled during the research and what will happen to the data after the research. It is therefore essential to plan the management of data during and after the research right from the outset. Research involving human subjects may also require<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uef.fi\/en\/research-ethics#accordion-2611\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">prior ethical review<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. As a general rule, personal data should be <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">minimized<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> when collecting research data. This means that only such personal data necessary for the research purpose should be collected.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Research organisations will instruct on the practices for handling personal data as required by the GDPR. For example, UEF Intranet provides <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/studentuef.sharepoint.com\/sites\/Law-procurement-and-information-management\/SitePages\/Personal-data-processing-in-scientific-research.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">guidelines and templates<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> for the processing of personal data in scientific research (requires UEF credentials). The templates will help you in preparing the necessary documents. These might include:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">privacy statement\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">participant information<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ethical consent to participate<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">consent to process personal data<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">an assessment of data protection risks or data protection impact assessment (check your own organisation&#8217;s instructions, processes, and templates)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In data management, special attention must be paid to <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">secure storing, processing, and transferring of data<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, so that only those who have justified reasons to access the data can access it. It is good to plan carefully how the research participants are informed about data processing and data management, for example, how date security is taken care of, how long the data is preserved, where will the data be shared for reuse and how.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">For research purposes data can be processed with identifiers, or as pseudonymous. <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Pseudonymization<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> means removing or replacing identifiers with pseudonyms or codes, which are kept separately. Pseudonymized data is still personal data.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Anonymization<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> means removing all identifiers permanently. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Several techniques and tools can be used in anonymisation.\u00a0 Anonymisation is necessary if the data is shared openly or stored for reuse purposes. It should be remembered that anonymisation as a procedure involves the processing of personal data, but the anonymised research data no longer contain personal data. At this point, it can be treated as any other data that does not contain personal information. However, it is important to remember that it may not be possible to produce completely anonymised data.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> Read more about <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fsd.uta.fi\/aineistonhallinta\/en\/anonymisation-and-identifiers.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">personal data and anonymization from FSD guidelines<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">For further information on processing personal data, see, e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/studentuef.sharepoint.com\/sites\/Law-procurement-and-information-management\/SitePages\/Personal-data-processing-in-scientific-research.aspx\">Personal data processing in scientific research <\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in UEF Intranet (requires UEF login).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_dcfa3caf49940620850ca92e6c4a2a4e\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-9974\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-9974\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFurther information\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-9974\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-9974\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Laine, Heidi (ed.) 2018. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.doria.fi\/handle\/10024\/153328\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tracing data: Data citation roadmap for Finland<\/a> Finnish Committee for Research Data (FCRD).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tenk.fi\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Finnish advisory board on research integrity <\/a>(TENK)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uef.fi\/en\/research-ethics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UEF Research Ethics<\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tietosuoja.fi\/en\/scientific-research-and-data-protection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Office of the Data Protection Ombudsman<\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>(2024-06)<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/introduction-to-research-data-management\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1280\" class=\"wp-image-2715\" style=\"width: 20px\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/05\/app-1646214_1280-e1716882091700.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/05\/app-1646214_1280-e1716882091700.png 1280w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/05\/app-1646214_1280-e1716882091700-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/05\/app-1646214_1280-e1716882091700-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/05\/app-1646214_1280-e1716882091700-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/05\/app-1646214_1280-e1716882091700-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/a><sub><strong>Previous: 1. Introduction to Research Management<\/strong><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\"><sub><strong>Next: 3. Describing research data (documentation, metadata)<\/strong><\/sub><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/documentation-and-metadata\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1280\" class=\"wp-image-2376\" style=\"width: 20px\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/09\/app-1646214_1280.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/09\/app-1646214_1280.png 1280w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/09\/app-1646214_1280-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/09\/app-1646214_1280-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/09\/app-1646214_1280-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/09\/app-1646214_1280-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The collection and use of research data during research often combines research methods and questions with data management. In this chapter, we discuss the types, quality, and origins of data, as well as research ethics and legislation from the perspective of data management.&nbsp; Personal information and sensitive data are given a lot of space in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":625,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-100","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>2. 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