{"id":106,"date":"2021-07-06T13:27:11","date_gmt":"2021-07-06T10:27:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/?page_id=106"},"modified":"2026-02-09T11:45:46","modified_gmt":"2026-02-09T09:45:46","slug":"documentation-and-metadata","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/documentation-and-metadata\/","title":{"rendered":"3. Describing research data (documentation, metadata)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"414\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2021\/08\/MMaxPixel.net-Documentation_cc0.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-685\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.542857142857143;width:400px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2021\/08\/MMaxPixel.net-Documentation_cc0.jpg 640w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2021\/08\/MMaxPixel.net-Documentation_cc0-300x194.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>From the beginning of the research project a <strong>careful description <\/strong>of research data is important. It ensures the comprehensibility of the research data both for yourself and for others. It also decreases the risk of false interpretation and significantly promotes the findability and reusability of your data. Without proper description, research data are just a collection of random files, numbers, and characters, which can make it difficult to use and reuse the data. Describing research data is therefore key to implementing the FAIR principles in practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Investing time in describing your data during the research project will also save time when you are publishing the dataset.&nbsp;Sharing the descriptive information is always recommended to increase the visibility of the research, even in situations where the research material itself cannot be opened for some reason.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Descriptive metadata can be generated automatically, for example from the instruments used, but in all research, metadata must be actively planned and created. Descriptive information can be recorded in laboratory or research notebooks, systematically compiled files and directories, or informal notes.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_6ec6297022d7c2eb6aa897fdf26ee5a5\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-7681\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-7681\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tOn terminology: documentation, metadata, paradata\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-7681\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-7681\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">At the core of data description, we have two basic terms, i.e. documentation and metadata. These terms may not necessarily have precise definitions on the everyday level and may be used somewhat differently in various guidelines. In addition to these, paradata is also occasionally used. The purpose of these terms is to describe<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">the origin, structure, contents, and treatment of the data.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Data documentation <\/span><\/b>is typically understood as the detailed recording of the research process during the study, aimed at enhancing the transparency and reproducibility of the research. <span data-contrast=\"auto\">It can be done, for example, by using a formal research laboratory book or an Excel sheet, where essential information of the data processing stages will be recorded.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Metadata <\/span><\/b>is linked to both administrative and content-related description of the dataset. It provides information such as the origin and purpose of data collection, temporal references, geographical location, equipment and software used, creator, storage location, terms of use, and contact persons for further information. Additionally, metadata describes the folder structure, file naming conventions, variables within the dataset, and the terminology used.<\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In the context of open science, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/tieteentermipankki.fi\/wiki\/Avoin_tiede:metatieto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Helsinki Term Bank for the Arts and Sciences<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> defines metadata as describing data in summarised form (e.g., its contents, structure, context etc.) and states that metadata are particularly needed for the retrieval and use of data.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Metadata often also refers to standardized and structured information, which will be discussed further in the next section.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Paradata<\/strong> refers to observational information related to the data collection process or context. This may include, for example, the time a respondent takes to answer questions in a survey, the interviewer\u2019s observations during an interview or events taking place at the time of data generation or collecting. The term paradata was introduced in the context of survey research and statistics in the late 1990\u2019s.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_02e6e5040e725af0c9479974bd1e9d0d\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-6042\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-6042\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFindability, metadata standards\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-6042\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-6042\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Research disciplines may have their own established practices for describing data, which may not be directly applicable to other fields. However, there are certain key elements of data description that apply across all fields. Taking these into account enables the implementation of the FAIR principles. Above all, they support findability and ensure that data can be reused in different contexts.<\/p>\n<p>In the <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.14609589\">Guidelines for describing research data<\/a>, these key elements are compiled into a clear table that also indicates which FAIR principle each element is particularly related to, as well as who or what service is responsible for providing the information.<\/p>\n<p>In this context, metadata standards are typically referred to. They represent commonly agreed frameworks for organizing metadata in a uniform and machine-actionable manner. A machine-actionability refers to information that can be readily processed by computers.<\/p>\n<p>The easiest way to apply metadata standards is to fill up a structured e-form that consists of different fields. The form guides to provide specific information \u2013 such as the title, creator, date, and location of a resource \u2013 in a standardized way. This ensures that the resulting metadata is in a consistent format. One concrete example is how the name of the creator can be guided to follow a specific structure, such as \u201cLast name, First name\u201d or Last name First name\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">There are several types of metadata standards available, such as the generic and commonly used <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dublincore.org\/specifications\/dublin-core\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Dublin Core<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> (DC), a standard for geographic information (ISO standard 19115 ), and a standard covering the worldwide exchange and communication of date and time-related data (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso-8601-date-and-time-format.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">ISO standard 8601<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">). Metadata standards also vary across research fields and disciplines, and researchers can find more information about disciplinary metadata standards from the website hosted by <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dcc.ac.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Digital Curation Centre<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> or <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rd-alliance.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Research Data Alliance<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_77f3d08f567f3e23e28662b99bd6bb09\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-2657\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-2657\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMetadata as a text (README) \t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-2657\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-2657\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Metadata can be stored in a free-form text file, i.e. as a README-type file in connection with the dataset. The README file can include, for example, basic information about the data, how the data has been collected and for what purpose, how and where the data is stored, or how the research has been conducted.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">general information<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> may include the following:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">name of the data(set)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">research field \/ discipline<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">principal investigator\/author or person responsible for collecting the data (name, institution, contact information)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">associate or co-investigators or people involved with collecting, processing, analysing and\/or submitting the data (name, institution)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"9\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">funding sources.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The description of the <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">research implementation<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> may include the following information:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">original purpose (information on the research project for which the data has been collected)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">date of data collection (project start and end date)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">description of the collected data and methods for data collection or generation<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the size of datasets, and files that belong to the dataset (name, format, content)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a list of publications in which the data has been used and\/or described<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the modification of dataset: how the dataset has been modified (e.g. anonymisation, changes and edits have that been made to the data or data variables).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Some examples of README-files with templates:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/datamanagement.hms.harvard.edu\/collect-analyze\/documentation-metadata\/readme-files\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harvard Biomedical Data Management<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/data.research.cornell.edu\/data-management\/sharing\/readme\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cornell Data Services<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1276\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/08\/readme-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"525\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/08\/readme-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/08\/readme-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/08\/readme-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/08\/readme-992x558.jpg 992w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/08\/readme.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px\" \/><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/08\/light-bulb-g9f137c171_1280-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1377\" style=\"width:86px;height:auto\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To consider<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does documentation mean in your field?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do you document your research data?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What kind of metadata do you need during an after your research project?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How would you describe the basic information of your research data in a README file?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_680fdd615d8eb6a6359f6929be1bbe23\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-8567\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-8567\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tQvain tool for describing and Etsin for finding \t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-8567\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-8567\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Standardized and structured metadata for all kinds of research datasets regardless of the repository can be provided by using the Fairdata Qvain tool. Qvain allows you to publish the dataset descriptions, after which they are available through the Fairdata Etsin service.<br \/>\n<\/span><br \/>\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fairdata.fi\/en\/qvain-user-guide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Qvain User Guide<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> contains information, e.g., on the minimum requirements for data description.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\"> You can also watch <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PiAwsKUAlNc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Qvain instruction video<\/a> by CSC. A UEF tailored quick-guide for using Qvain is available <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2026\/02\/2026-02-05__Qvain-handout.pdf\">here<\/a>.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fairdata.fi\/en\/etsin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Etsin<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> search service enables researchers to find metadata of research datasets that have been created with the use of Qvain but also datasets that have been distributed by other services. In other words, Etsin harvests (copies) metadata from external sources such as <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fsd.tuni.fi\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Finnish Social Science Data Archive<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> or <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kielipankki.fi\/language-bank\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Language Bank of Finland<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. Furthermore, the metadata from Etsin can be transferred to other services, such as <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/erepo.uef.fi\/handle\/123456789\/6334?locale-attribute=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">UEF eRepository<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> (eRepo). Therefore, it is important that all data produced in UEF is described in Etsin.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Qvain and Etsin are part of the Finnish Fairdata.fi services that are introduced in chapter 1 of this learning material.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Watch the video<\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"embed-container\">\n    <iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Elements of FAIR - Findable\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vykM4QusKwE?feature=oembed&#038;controls=1&#038;hd=1&#038;autohide=1\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Metadata is crucial for the findability of data: The Elements of FAIR &#8211; Findable, CSC (8:49).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_4508cad586f94ce77ff8243d19b02d81\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-7660\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-7660\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tOrganizing and naming files\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-7660\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-7660\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">High quality data are well-organised, structured, named, and versioned. Well-organised file names and folder structures make it easier to find and keep track of data files.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Already at the beginning of your research project, you should design a folder structure that makes it easier to find information and come up with a consistent and informative way of naming files. You should use the naming system consistently throughout the research project. Write down the system you use and save it in a place where it is easy to find. This also contributes to the comprehensibility of the data and is an essential part of the description of your data.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">It is recommended to document the following information for each file:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">file name<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">project abbreviation <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(e.g., acronyms)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">file location (file path)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">file size<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">file format<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">software used to create the file<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">date of creation<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">file creator<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">file version<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">access rights for the file.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Tips for file naming:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">create meaningful but brief names<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">use file names to classify broad types of files<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">avoid using spaces and special characters<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">if using a date in the file name, always state the date \u2018back to front\u2019: year, month, day (YYMMDD (e.g. 20200901) or YY-MM-DD (e.g. 2020-09-01 ) and\/or hours, minutes, seconds (HHMMSS or HH:MM:SS)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the version number should be indicated in its file name (\u201cV\u201d for version followed by the version number, e.g. V02).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-left\">In brief<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><strong>Good data description includes concise information on<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the context of data collection (e.g., project aim and objectives)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>data collection methods (e.g., sampling, data collection process, instruments, hardware and software used)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>structure of data files<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>quality assurance procedures carried out<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>version control<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>information on access and use conditions or data confidentiality<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>names, labels and descriptions for variables, records and their values<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>explanation or definition of codes and classification schemes used<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>definitions of specialist terminology or acronyms used<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>codes of, and reasons for, missing values.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_176f594fc877df57da6390e63ea6f5ef\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-2967\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-2967\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFurther information\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-2967\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-2967\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fsd.uta.fi\/aineistonhallinta\/en\/data-description-and-metadata.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-rich-text-format-boundary=\"true\">Data description and metadata<\/a>. Finnish Social Science Data Archive.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.14609589\">Guidelines for describing research data<\/a>. AVOTT Avoimen tieteen ja tutkimuksen koordinaatio. (2024).\u00a0 Zenodo. \u00a0(English translation added and links updated to the Finnish document on Jan 7, 2025.).<\/p>\n<p>Siiri Fuchs, &amp; Mari Elisa Kuusniemi. (2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/1914401#.Xwv9nZCP5PY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Making a research project understandable \u2013 Guide for data documentation (1.2)<\/a>. Zenodo.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sub>(2025-08)<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/collecting-and-using-data\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1280\" class=\"wp-image-2715\" style=\"width: 20px\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/05\/app-1646214_1280-e1716882091700.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/05\/app-1646214_1280-e1716882091700.png 1280w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/05\/app-1646214_1280-e1716882091700-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/05\/app-1646214_1280-e1716882091700-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/05\/app-1646214_1280-e1716882091700-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2024\/05\/app-1646214_1280-e1716882091700-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/a><sub><strong>Previous: 2. Collecting and Using Data<\/strong><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\"><sub><strong>Next: 4. Data storage, backup and sharing during a research project<\/strong><\/sub> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/data-storing-during-and-after-the-research\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2379\" style=\"width: 20px\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/323\/2023\/09\/app-1646214_1280.png\" alt=\"\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>From the beginning of the research project a careful description of research data is important. It ensures the comprehensibility of the research data both for yourself and for others. It also decreases the risk of false interpretation and significantly promotes the findability and reusability of your data. Without proper description, research data are just a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":625,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-106","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>3. Describing research data (documentation, metadata) - Basics of Research Data Management<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/rdm\/documentation-and-metadata\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"3. 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