{"id":5533,"date":"2022-10-18T11:29:24","date_gmt":"2022-10-18T11:29:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/?page_id=5533"},"modified":"2025-08-20T10:20:35","modified_gmt":"2025-08-20T07:20:35","slug":"search-methods","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/search-methods\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Search Methods"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>There are many ways to approach information retrieval and therefore there are many ways to do the search in practise. Search methods include quick and simple search, narrow to broad search, tracking search i.e. pearl growing, browsing search, and systematic search.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Firstly,it is advisable to probe the topic and test the search:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Try individual words<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Try simple search queries: 1 or 2 AND operations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Add more AND operations when needed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gather more viable search terms<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Try comprehensive search queries with alternative words<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Remember the significance of search fields, truncation, and phrases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Sorting the search results might help to evaluate the success of your search. Databases usually offer a variety of options for sorting results. The best matches can be made to appear on top of the list if you sort by relevance.&nbsp;It is often recommended to also view the most recent results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u201cQuick and simple\u201d search is a good first step<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In \u201cquick and simple\u201d search, the search is executed with an individual word or phrase. This gives an idea about whether the subject area is common or rare in the particular database (or even overall). There could be useful results among the matches.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_85275b57bb2bb2dbe660ce33f43209cc\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-9072\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-9072\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t&quot;Quick and simple&quot; search example\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-9072\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-9072\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"960\" height=\"750\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thinglink.com\/card\/1644656309603139585\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/app.widgets.thinglink.com\/accessibility\/1644656309603139585\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Click here to view the accessible version of this interactive content.<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The search is focused gradually in the \u201cfrom broad to narrow\u201d method<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the \u201cfrom broad to narrower\u201d -search method, information retrieval begins by choosing a broad subject area for which you can find a lot of search results. The subject area is then outlined with concepts that specify and restrain it, e.g., language, year of publication etc. using the AND operator. Outlining is done until there are enough relevant search results.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_9ca1d24652c6050c8185361896c5bec4\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-8266\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-8266\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t&quot;From broad to narrow&quot; search example\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-8266\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-8266\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"960\" height=\"750\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thinglink.com\/card\/1644664682306338817\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/app.widgets.thinglink.com\/accessibility\/1644664682306338817\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Click here to view the accessible version of this interactive content.<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The search is broadened by interpreting the results in the \u201cfrom narrow to broad\u201d method<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the \u201cfrom narrow to broad\u201d -search method, the broader concepts of exact search terms are explored and used as a part of the search query.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First, the search is done with an exact search term. In case a specific search term is only yielding few if any results, you should consider the broader subject fields that the problem is related to, or otherwise change the search term. The search is done again using a wider or modified search term.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When searching with a broader term, some irrelevant results will most likely also appear among the results, in which case you should be sure to evaluate their significance to your topic.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_ea491c42741504abe8410fb46c92dd49\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-6344\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-6344\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t&quot;From narrow to broad&quot; search example\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-6344\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-6344\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"960\" height=\"735\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thinglink.com\/card\/1644705626825162753\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/app.widgets.thinglink.com\/accessibility\/1644705626825162753\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Click here to view the accessible version of this interactive content.<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tracking search aka pearl-growing advances by following the clues in the results<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In tracking search aka pearl-growing, the search starts with a sparse amount of information. Publications are first searched using some relevant search term. Search results are then explored for clues to new relevant sources and developing or complementing the initial search query.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The results of pearl growing yield clues for new search terms, sources, authors, as well as for finding organisations or publication series in the field, or simply for focusing your own ideas. These findings can be used to modify the search query and improve searches, and thus find the most important publications.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_a9274ed17de2e564305db78fa2893c3e\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-917\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-917\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTracking search aka pearl-growing search example\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-917\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-917\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"938\" height=\"790\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thinglink.com\/card\/1646076900440801283\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/app.widgets.thinglink.com\/accessibility\/1646076900440801283\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Click here to view the accessible version of this interactive content.<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-8088\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-8088\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDid you find a useful book or an article?\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-8088\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-8088\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>search for relevant publications from its author<\/li>\n<li>view the index terms and use them to find additional material<\/li>\n<li>find other relevant publications from the list of references or links in an online document<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Browsing search may provide new ideas for the information retrieval<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Browsing search is, as its name suggests, searching information by browsing. Although browsing search may sound ineffective and even random compared with searching with search terms and concepts, it is a good idea to keep in mind that interesting articles may also be found in this manner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A good example of browsing search is browsing through the articles of a particular journal in a database.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_b58f6f3ad806ea5961823c3cda93d6ea\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-4975\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-4975\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBrowsing search example\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-4975\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-4975\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"668\" height=\"506\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thinglink.com\/card\/1646149522784518147\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/app.widgets.thinglink.com\/accessibility\/1646149522784518147\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Click here to view the accessible version of this interactive content.<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Systematic search is recommended for extensive research<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Systematic information retrieval is necessary for comprehensive, systematic literature review. Systematic information retrieval is used to survey the relevant and accessible publications on the topic for scientific work (e.g., thesis).<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_cd4082179a1d4775c19eee0ad82dc3f6\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-1044\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-1044\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSpecial features of systematic search\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-1044\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-1044\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Systematic information retrieval covers:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>National and international information sources<\/li>\n<li>Different source types (books, theses, articles within journals, books, and conference proceedings)\n<ul>\n<li>Books (both national and international)<\/li>\n<li>Theses<\/li>\n<li>Scientific articles (in journals, books, and conference proceedings)<\/li>\n<li>Conference proceedings and other such publications<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Different databases and other tools for information retrieval\n<ul>\n<li>Databases store information on various publications, such as scientific journals, books and other publication series and their articles. If the topic is multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary, information retrieval is done in databases of the disciplines in question.<\/li>\n<li>Searching from a single database is seldom sufficient. In the case that your topic is multidisciplinary, you should search from databases on all the relevant disciplines. The scope of the thesis naturally affects this: one database may offer sufficient literature for a bachelor&#8217;s thesis, for example, whereas much more extensive and comprehensive information retrieval is required for a dissertation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Comprehensive search terms and their combinations that are relevant to the topic<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You can search, for instance, from the following sources: UEF-Primo, Finna, Discipline-specific databases (see <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uef.fi\/en\/library\/information-retrieval-and-training\">UEF Library, Information resources by discipline<\/a>), Google, Google Scholar and Google Books.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uef.fi\/en\/library\/basic-information-on-choosing-research-methods#accordion-24920\">Covidence<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uef.fi\/en\/library\/references\">Zotero<\/a> help with the screening of the results.<\/p>\n<h4>Plan the information retrieval and save the search history<\/h4>\n<p>Draft a strategy for the search. Formulate search queries for your topic and choose the relevant databases. <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/information-retrieval-process-and-planning\/?lang=en#planning-information-retrieval\">See our tips on how to plan your information retrieval<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Save the search history of the previous searches for yourself. This way you may easily re-examine what information you sought and how you did it. Your search history may be helpful for the analysis of your search results.<\/p>\n<h4>Information retrieval for a systematic review<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/guides.library.uq.edu.au\/tools-and-techniques\/systematic-reviews\/sources-to-search\">The\u00a0Systematic Reviews online material<\/a> from the University of Queensland, is a clearly written and comprehensive guide on conducting a systematic review and information retrieval.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"systematic-reviews\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-3632\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-3632\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSystematic reviews\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-3632\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-3632\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Creating a systematic review is a process in which available individual studies on a specific topic are synthesized. This synthesis is often quantitative \u2014 a \u201cstudy of studies\u201d \u2014 where results from individual studies are combined statistically in a <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/library-terminology\/?lang=en#m\">meta-analysis<\/a>. This provides more reliable evidence than any single study alone. Depending on the topic, the synthesis may also be qualitative.<\/p>\n<p>An example of a systematic review:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2024\/8448584\">A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Rasagiline or Pramipexole in the Treatment of Early Parkinson\u2019s Disease<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The topic of a systematic review (research question) is clearly and precisely defined. It is usually presented both in narrative form and structured using the <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/library-terminology\/?lang=en#p\">PICO framework<\/a>. These help in planning the review and conducting the literature search.<\/p>\n<p>A systematic literature search is the foundation of the review. The goal is to find as many relevant and high-quality sources as possible based on the review\u2019s research question. The best evidence typically comes from randomized controlled trials (RCTs).<\/p>\n<p>Studies are searched from at least two bibliographic databases using a predefined and comprehensive search strategy. The strategy emphasizes <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/library-terminology\/?lang=en#r\">recall<\/a> (sensitivity) over <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/library-terminology\/?lang=en#p\">precision<\/a>, meaning that more irrelevant results may be tolerated to ensure comprehensive coverage.<\/p>\n<p>Both controlled vocabularies (such as <a href=\"https:\/\/meshb.nlm.nih.gov\/\">MeSH<\/a> in PubMed\/Medline) and free-text keywords are used in constructing the search strategy. Synonyms for free-text terms are identified and truncated appropriately. Synonyms are combined using Boolean OR operators. The number of AND operators is kept reasonable, and NOT operators are generally avoided. Language and date restrictions are rarely used. The strategy may need to be adjusted for different databases.<\/p>\n<p>It is advisable to formulate the search strategy intelligible and easy to understand for peer reviewers and others interested in the review. Search results are saved per database in formats like PubMed or RIS for further processing. The strategy and search dates are reported in the review to allow reproducibility. It is highly recommended to consult an information specialist or a reference librarian during the search phase if possible.<\/p>\n<p>Search result files are often imported into the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.covidence.org\/\">Covidence<\/a> tool, which automatically removes duplicate references from different databases. After import, studies are selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, which can also be stored in Covidence.<\/p>\n<p>Initial screening is done based on titles and abstracts. Then, full texts are reviewed, and unsuitable studies are excluded. Full texts can be uploaded as PDFs into Covidence for easier review. To reduce <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bias_(statistics)\">bias<\/a>, at least two people should be involved in study selection and writing the review.<\/p>\n<p>Covidence also supports data extraction from selected studies for synthesis. Statistical analyses are performed using other software. Covidence automatically generates a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.prisma-statement.org\/\">PRISMA flow diagram<\/a> to be included in the review.<\/p>\n<p>Covidence is subscription-based, but a free trial is available. During the trial, one review can be created with up to two authors and a maximum of 500 references.<\/p>\n<p>University of Eastern Finland has a subscription to Covidence. Members of the UEF community may start using Covidence according to <a href=\"https:\/\/primo.uef.fi\/permalink\/358FIN_UOEF\/10iob6c\/alma9914895930205966&amp;lang=en\">these instructions<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>If multiple reviews are needed and your organization does not have access to Covidence, you can try the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rayyan.ai\/\">Rayyan<\/a> tool. It offers a free basic version with limited features.<\/p>\n<p>Covidence is not suitable for managing references in the review manuscript. For reference management, free tools like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uef.fi\/en\/library\/references#accordion-591220\">Zotero<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uef.fi\/en\/library\/references#accordion-13096\">Mendeley<\/a> are recommended. References can be exported from Covidence to these tools easily using RIS files.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/guides.library.uq.edu.au\/tools-and-techniques\/systematic-reviews\/sources-to-search\">The\u00a0Systematic Reviews online material<\/a> from the University of Queensland, is a clearly written and comprehensive guide on conducting a systematic review and information retrieval.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<div class=\"links-block\">\n\n            <h3>Next<\/h3>\n    \n    <ul class=\"link-list\">\n        \n            \n            <li class=\"link-list-item\">\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/was-the-information-retrieval-successful\/?lang=en\" class=\"link-reset link hover-scale-down\">\n                    <svg\n        width=\"43\" height=\"25\"\n        viewBox=\"0 0 43 25\"\n        xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n    <path\n        d=\"M30.027 0 43 12.5 30.027 25 27 22.083 34.351 15H0v-5h34.351L27 2.917z\"\n        fill=\"currentColor\"\n        fill-rule=\"evenodd\"\/>\n<\/svg>                    <div>Was the Information Retrieval Successful?<\/div>\n                <\/a>\n                <div class=\"link-info\">\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/li>\n\n                <\/ul>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There are many ways to approach information retrieval and therefore there are many ways to do the search in practise. Search methods include quick and simple search, narrow to broad search, tracking search i.e. pearl growing, browsing search, and systematic search. Firstly,it is advisable to probe the topic and test the search: Sorting the search [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":842,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5533","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Search Methods - Tiedonhakijan opas \/\/ UEF-kirjasto<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/search-methods\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fi_FI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Search Methods - Tiedonhakijan opas \/\/ UEF-kirjasto\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"There are many ways to approach information retrieval and therefore there are many ways to do the search in practise. Search methods include quick and simple search, narrow to broad search, tracking search i.e. pearl growing, browsing search, and systematic search. 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