{"id":5665,"date":"2022-10-18T12:17:28","date_gmt":"2022-10-18T12:17:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/?page_id=5665"},"modified":"2026-06-04T16:35:43","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T13:35:43","slug":"academic-referencing","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/academic-referencing\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Academic Referencing"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>By referencing sources, the writer shows what previous theories, methods and results he is aware of and how his own results interplay with those interpretations. The list of references and the reference itself provide the reader with sufficient information to recognize and find the publication that is mentioned in the text. This is how e.g., a thesis reviewer can confirm whether the presented information is correct. In addition, references serve to acknowledge those who deserve the acknowledgement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References and quotations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sources used should be cited in a way that makes references and quotations clearly identifiable and easy to find later. Sources can be used in two ways:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Reference:<\/strong> Indirect quote of the author\u2019s words using your own<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Quotation:<\/strong> Replication of the author\u2019s words; enclosed within quotation marks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>If sources are not cited or if material created by another person is presented as if it were your own, that is committing <strong>plagiarism<\/strong>. Plagiarism is prohibited, even if it is unintentional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Citing is done in two parts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Citing sources consists of two phases:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>In-text citation:<\/strong> A brief reference to a source within the text<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bibliography:<\/strong> A list at the end of the article with the exact information of all sources used<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The information in the in-text citation and the bibliography must match so that the source mentioned in the text can be easily found in the reference list. References allow the reader to find the sources themselves if they wish.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_6bc48a43de800ab628cdd087eef04920\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-8695\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-8695\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAn online source or an article?\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-8695\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-8695\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Are you wondering whether a publication is an online source or an article? A reference to an online material usually includes at least the URL of the page and the retrieval date.<\/p>\n<p>Note, however, that in some publishers&#8217; online services, article publications can resemble online content that is freer in form. Nonetheless, if the article has been published in a scientific journal, for example, the references must be made in accordance with the established practices of scientific journals.<\/p>\n<p>See the examples of scientific articles on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thinglink.com\/card\/1646169498971013123\">the websites of two different publishers<\/a>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Citation styles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There are numerous ways to cite and list sources, which vary from discipline to discipline. The author should ensure that their citation style follows the conventions of the discipline, community, or publication for which the paper is intended. Whatever style you choose, the most important thing is to use it consistently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Check the citing instructions given by your subject in Kamu&#8217;s study communities. They contain more detailed instructions for marking source references and compiling a bibliography:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/kamu.uef.fi\/en\/tietopankki\/degree-student\/studies\/study-communities\/\" id=\"https:\/\/kamu.uef.fi\/en\/tietopankki\/degree-student\/studies\/study-communities\/\">Study communities (UEF \/\/ Kamu)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Citation styles usually fall into one of these categories:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Author-Date systems<\/strong> (e.g. Harvard and APA), in which the in-text citation lists the author and year of publication, and the reference list is alphabetically arranged by author.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Author-Date-Page systems<\/strong> (e.g. MLA), in which the citation lists the author and year of publication, as well as the page number.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Numbering systems<\/strong> (e.g. Vancouver), in which sources are numbered in order of reference, the citation lists this number, and the reference list is given in numerical order.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Footnote-Endnote systems<\/strong> (e.g. Chicago A), in which sources are numbered and their information is given in full at the end of the same page instead of in the reference list.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In the citation styles based on these systems, there are some differences, for example, in whether the authors&#8217; names are abbreviated or written out in full, whether part of the reference is formatted in bold or italics or not, and whether the journal name is abbreviated or used in full. There are also differences between languages: for example, when there are several authors, in Finnish it is written ym. and in English et al.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"accordion-block_31c1dc85b0e0d6a976c75a5b7c83839e\" class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-243\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-243\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tExamples: Same reference, different citation style\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-243\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-243\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The examples below show what the same reference looks like when written in different reference styles.<\/p>\n<h4>APA 7<\/h4>\n<p>(Bramer et al., 2018)<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: .5in;text-indent: -.5in\">Bramer, W. M., de Jonge, G. B., Rethlefsen, M. L., Mast, F., &amp; Kleijnen, J. (2018). A systematic approach to searching: An efficient and complete method to develop literature searches. <em>Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA<\/em>, 106(4), 531\u2013541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5195\/jmla.2018.283<\/p>\n<h4>Harvard<\/h4>\n<p>(Bramer <em>et al.<\/em>, 2018)<\/p>\n<p>Bramer, W.M. et al. (2018) \u2018A systematic approach to searching: an efficient and complete method to develop literature searches\u2019,<em> Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA<\/em>, 106(4), s. 531\u2013541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5195\/jmla.2018.283.<\/p>\n<h4>AMA 11<\/h4>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Bramer WM, de Jonge GB, Rethlefsen ML, Mast F, Kleijnen J. A systematic approach to searching: an efficient and complete method to develop literature searches. J Med Libr Assoc JMLA. 2018;106(4):531-541. doi:10.5195\/jmla.2018.283.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>Vancouver<\/h4>\n<p>(1)<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Bramer WM, de Jonge GB, Rethlefsen ML, Mast F, Kleijnen J. A systematic approach to searching: an efficient and complete method to develop literature searches. J Med Libr Assoc JMLA. 2018;106(4):531-541. doi:10.5195\/jmla.2018.283.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>Chicago<\/h4>\n<p>(Bramer et al. 2018)<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: .5in;text-indent: -.5in\">Bramer, Wichor M., Gerdien B. de Jonge, Melissa L. Rethlefsen, Frans Mast, and Jos Kleijnen. 2018. \u201dA Systematic Approach to Searching: An Efficient and Complete Method to Develop Literature Searches\u201d. Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA 106 (4): 531\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5195\/jmla.2018.283.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion accordion-js\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"accordion__button\" aria-controls=\"content-6632\" aria-expanded=\"false\" id=\"accordion-control-6632\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"accordion__heading\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\tExamples: Different reference, same citation style\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion__content\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-control-6632\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"content-6632\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>These examples show how to reference different types of publications using the author-year system.<\/p>\n<h4>Article in a printed journal<\/h4>\n<p>Bramer WM, de Jonge GB, Rethlefsen ML, Mast F &amp; Kleijnen J (2018) A systematic approach to searching: an efficient and complete method to develop literature searches. J Med Libr Assoc 106(4):531-541. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5195\/jmla.2018.283.<\/p>\n<h4>Article in an online journal, that doesn\u2019t use page numbering<\/h4>\n<p>Leal-Medina C, ym. (2024) Post-fire Pinus radiata invasion in a threatened biodiversity hotspot forest: A multi-scale remote sensing assessment. Forest ecology and management 561, 121861. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foreco.2024.121861<\/p>\n<h4>Article in a book<\/h4>\n<p>Rowse EG, Lewanzik D, Stone EL, Harris S &amp; Jones G (2016) Dark Matters: The Effects of Artificial Lighting on Bats. In Voigt CC &amp; Kingston T, Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World. Cham: Springer, ss. 1\u20139.<\/p>\n<h4>E-book<\/h4>\n<p>Helm D (2023) Legacy : how to build the sustainable economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781009449212<\/p>\n<h4>Book<\/h4>\n<p>Hatim B &amp; Munday J (2004) Translation\u202f: an advanced resource book. New York: Routledge.<\/p>\n<h4>Conference paper<\/h4>\n<p>Stephan A, Bolding C &amp; McKown G (2019) Familial Influence on Engineering Student Sense of Belonging and Identity, in M. Shelley &amp; V. Akerson (editors), Proceedings of IConSES 2019 : International Conference on Social and Education Sciences. ISTES organization, pp. 93-97. Available at: https:\/\/www.istes.org\/books\/9b94c0d2e58a5f1b233383f53ad93a4a.pdf<\/p>\n<h4>Report online<\/h4>\n<p>Herrero A &amp; Iso-Touru T (2024) Euroopan- ja kanadanmajavan kanta-arvio vuonna 2023. Helsinki: Luonnonvarakeskus (Luonnonvara- ja biotalouden tutkimus, 31\/2024). Available at: http:\/\/urn.fi\/URN:ISBN:978-952-380-902-4<\/p>\n<h4>Dissertation online<\/h4>\n<p>Takala E (2023) Kanonien katveessa\u202f: naiset, lapset ja ihmisoikeudet ortodoksisessa kirkossa. Joensuu: University of Eastern Finland. Available at: http:\/\/urn.fi\/URN:ISBN:978-952-61-4845-8<\/p>\n<h4>Webpage<\/h4>\n<p>San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance (2022) Burmese Star Tortoise (Geochelone platynota) Fact Sheet: Behavior &amp; Ecology. Available at: https:\/\/ielc.libguides.com\/sdzg\/factsheets\/burmese-star-tortoise\/behavior (Cited: 19.4.2024).<\/p>\n<h4>Statistics<\/h4>\n<p>Suomen virallinen tilasto (SVT): Sairaaloiden tuottavuus (verkkojulkaisu). Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos. Available at: https:\/\/thl.fi\/tilastot-ja-data\/tilastot-aiheittain\/sosiaali-ja-terveydenhuollon-resurssit\/sairaaloiden-tuottavuus (Cited: 21.4.2026).<\/p>\n<h4>AI<\/h4>\n<p>OpenAI. 2026. Miten teko\u00e4lyn antaman vastauksen voi tarkistaa? GPT-5.3. Available at: https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/ (Cited 21.4.2026).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Be precise when using references<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is worth being careful with references from the very beginning. Record the reference information, i.e. bibliographic information (author, year of publication, title, etc.) as accurately as possible. Plan in advance how you will keep a record of the sources you have found, read and used. For example, you can use an spreadsheet to sort references in different ways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is also worth writing down the search phrase you used to find your references. This is especially important when conducting a systematic literature review.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A reference management program can significantly speed up and facilitate the handling of references. If you do not want to use a reference management program, it is worth at least utilizing the Cite function of databases. The Cite function allows you to create a text reference from a selected article or work, which you can copy and paste into your document in text format.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2554\" height=\"1436\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/365\/2026\/06\/cite-function-2026-06-03.png\" alt=\"In UEF-Primo, the Citation button opens a window, where you can copy the citation in text format. A similar function can be found in most other scientific databases as well.\" class=\"wp-image-11528\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/365\/2026\/06\/cite-function-2026-06-03.png 2554w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/365\/2026\/06\/cite-function-2026-06-03-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/365\/2026\/06\/cite-function-2026-06-03-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/365\/2026\/06\/cite-function-2026-06-03-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/365\/2026\/06\/cite-function-2026-06-03-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/365\/2026\/06\/cite-function-2026-06-03-2048x1151.png 2048w, https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/365\/2026\/06\/cite-function-2026-06-03-992x558.png 992w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2554px) 100vw, 2554px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"links-block\">\n\n            <h3>Next<\/h3>\n    \n    <ul class=\"link-list\">\n        \n            \n            <li class=\"link-list-item\">\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/zotero-reference-management-program\/?lang=en\" class=\"link-reset link hover-scale-down\">\n                    <svg\n        width=\"43\" height=\"25\"\n        viewBox=\"0 0 43 25\"\n        xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n    <path\n        d=\"M30.027 0 43 12.5 30.027 25 27 22.083 34.351 15H0v-5h34.351L27 2.917z\"\n        fill=\"currentColor\"\n        fill-rule=\"evenodd\"\/>\n<\/svg>                    <div>Zotero Reference Management Program<\/div>\n                <\/a>\n                <div class=\"link-info\">\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/li>\n\n                <\/ul>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By referencing sources, the writer shows what previous theories, methods and results he is aware of and how his own results interplay with those interpretations. The list of references and the reference itself provide the reader with sufficient information to recognize and find the publication that is mentioned in the text. This is how e.g., [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":842,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5665","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Academic Referencing - Tiedonhakijan opas \/\/ UEF-kirjasto<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.uef.fi\/tiedonhaku-kirjasto\/academic-referencing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fi_FI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Academic Referencing - Tiedonhakijan opas \/\/ UEF-kirjasto\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By referencing sources, the writer shows what previous theories, methods and results he is aware of and how his own results interplay with those interpretations. 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